An internationally renowned mathematician in probability theory, Freidlin was once a Russian “refusenik.”

After more than 30 years at the University of Maryland, Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Mathematics Mark Freidlin retired on July 1, 2021. After being barred from leaving his home country 40 years ago and shut out of academic life for nearly a decade, Freidlin moved to Maryland and traveled the world as an invited speaker at prestigious mathematical conferences and research institutions. 

Freidlin was born in Moscow and began his career in mathematics during the Cold War between the United States and the former Soviet Union. As a professor of mathematics at Moscow State University in the 1960s and ’70s, Freidlin earned both privilege and status in a country that valued higher education and revered rigorous intellectual pursuits. 

But as a person of Jewish descent, Freidlin was also subjected to government harassment, discrimination and policies that limited his professional and economic opportunities. He applied for an exit visa in 1979 with hopes of leaving the Soviet Union with his wife, Lera, who was also a mathematician, and their two children. They were denied an exit visa without an explanation, and they were promptly fired from their jobs and barred from publishing papers in the Soviet Union or attending scientific conferences. 

During those years, the Soviet Union ran a brutal political campaign to separate its citizens and citizens from other East bloc countries from the Western world behind what Winston Churchill called the Iron Curtain. Scientists and mathematicians were often denied permission to leave the country. After Freidlin and his wife requested permission to emigrate, they were labeled “refuseniks”—Soviet citizens denied the freedom to leave their country by the Soviet government. Freidlin was 41 years old.

For eight years, Freidlin and his wife made a living as tutors. Lera also got work translating documents, and Freidlin continued working on mathematics on his own. But he had already earned an international reputation, in part because of a book he and his colleague Alexander Wentzell published right before he was shut out of academia.

“I waited until after the book was published to apply for an exit visa, because I knew if I applied before, the book would never be published,” Freidlin recalled.

The book was first published in Russian in 1979 and was translated into English in 1984. Several editions followed, with the latest published in 2012. The book introduced a theory, now known as the Freidlin-Wentzell theory, which explains how small, seemingly insignificant, perturbations in complicated systems can create critical changes in the system over long time periods. The theory is widely used in mathematical modeling in fields as diverse as physics, biology, economics, and the social sciences.

The Freidlin-Wentzell theory laid the groundwork for much of his later research that seeks to describe the effects of small random fluctuations on dynamical systems. 

“In many mathematical models, if you don’t take into account random perturbations in the system, that may work fine over certain time intervals,” Freidlin explained. “But over longer time intervals, these perturbations can become critical enough to cause a transition from one stable behavior to another stable behavior, and our goal is to describe these transitions.” 

Freidlin would eventually work with Wentzell again, years after the Soviet Union fell and they were both in the U.S., but in the eight years between publication of his first book and his arrival in Maryland, Freidlin was forced to work largely on his own. During that time, his western colleagues helped Freidlin communicate with the outside world. 

Visiting colleagues smuggled Freidlin’s letters and academic papers out of the country, and he remained an important figure in the world of mathematics, publishing several papers in academic journals outside of the Soviet Union during his time as a refusenik.

But those papers represented just a fraction of Freidlin’s work during those years, so he compiled his unpublished works into a second book that his wife translated into English. They had it smuggled out of the country, and his former Ph.D. advisor Eugene Dynkin arranged for it to be published through Princeton University Press. Dynkin left the Soviet Union in 1977 and was teaching mathematics at Cornell University. 

“A colleague carried it out of the country,” Freidlin recalled. “We changed the cover page to make it look as if he was the author of the book so that if he was caught it would not appear to be mine.”

Freidlin’s second book “Functional Integration and Partial Differential Equations” was published in 1985. Two years later, under pressure from the international community, the Soviet government granted Freidlin and his family permission to leave. He and Lera packed up their two children and moved to Maryland in 1987.

“I had some other offers from different countries,” Freidlin recalled, “but various colleagues including Dynkin convinced me to go to Maryland.” 

Lera took a job as a statistician at the National Institutes of Health. And after waiting so many years to leave his homeland, Freidlin embarked on a few years of travel to share his mathematical ideas as an invited speaker in France, Israel, Germany, Italy, England, Canada, and all over the U.S. He was even an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1998.   

“After eight years, we were happy to come to the United States,” he said. “I had liked to teach students, and I enjoyed teaching again and being able to travel and talk with colleagues openly. I was very happy.” 

During his tenure at UMD, Freidlin mentored more than a dozen Ph.D. students and several postdoctoral associates. He has given more than 170 invited talks around the world and published nearly 100 refereed papers (making a combined total exceeding 150 papers over the course of his career). 

Through these works, Freidlin made prolific contributions to the field of stochastics, which is the study of complex processes that can be analyzed and predicted statistically but defy prediction of precise outcomes. 

“I was very lucky to be a mathematician,” Freidlin said. “It is very interesting work, and it’s a world where you can live outside these other problems you know. There is always something interesting in mathematics that you can be challenged to think about and to solve.” 

Freidlin will continue to work on mathematical theories in his retirement and spend more time with his grandchildren. He also looks forward to resuming travel once the threat of COVID-19 is in the rearview mirror. Hopefully, he should not have to wait eight years.

Written by Kimbra Cutlip

We welcomed six new faculty members and five Novikov postdocs to the Math family this fall!

Faculty:

Lei Chen (Assistant Professor). Lei received a B.S. from Peking University and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago (2018) under the supervision of Benson Farb. She was then a Noether Instructor at CalTech. Lei works in the area of low dimensional topology and geometric group theory.  She made major contributions in the areas of group actions on manifolds and homomorphisms between transformation and mapping class groups. Her work is also related to complex geometry and topological dynamics.

Dan Cristofaro-Gardiner (Assistant Professor). Dan received his A.B. degree from Harvard (2007) and Ph.D. from Berkeley (2013). He then worked as an assistant professor at UC Santa Cruz and was a von Neumann Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study. Dan works in symplectic topology/geometry/dynamics. He is a leader in the field of “quantitative symplectic geometry,” an area that focuses on questions about symplectic embedding of symplectic manifolds with boundary, and Reeb dynamics on the boundaries of symplectic manifolds. He has contributed in substantial ways to a variety of hard problems. Most recently, together with Humiliere and Seyfaddini, he posted on the arXiv a surprising proof of the simplicity conjecture showing that the group of compactly supported area-preserving homeomorphisms of the two-disc is not simple.

Bassam Fayad (Professor, Brin Chair). Bassam received his Ph.D. from the École Polytechnique (2000) and a Habilitation from the University of Paris 13 (2006). Recently, he worked as a Directeur de Recherche 1ère class at the CNRS. Bassam is a distinguished mathematician, working in the area of dynamical systems. He is mostly known for his work on the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theory. Bassam’s work is centered on Hamiltonian dynamics and on smooth ergodic theory. He has important results in many other areas including rigidity theory, number theory and mathematical physics. Bassam made substantial contributions to the KAM theory of analytic systems by proving stability results and obtaining optimal bounds for the stability time. Among other areas, he obtained significant results in the study of positive entropy systems and to zero entropy systems. Throughout his career, Bassam has received many distinctions and honors, including an invited lecture at the 2018 International Congress of Mathematics in Rio de Janeiro. Bassam joins our department as the Michael and Eugenia Brin Distinguished Chair of Mathematics.

Yu Gu (Associate Professor). Yu received a B.S. in mathematics and physics from Tsinghua, an M.S. from Brown and a Ph.D. from Columbia under the direction of Guillaume Bal. He then spent three years as a Szegö Assistant Professor at Stanford before moving to Carnegie Mellon University as an assistant professor (2017). Yu works in the area of mathematical and asymptotic analysis of random dynamics and random partial differential equations. He made fundamental contributions to the theory of homogenization and provided the first results on random fluctuations in high dimensions. Recently, he obtained breakthrough results in the study of a Hamilton-Jacobi type equation driven by a spacetime white noise, the so-called KPZ equation. Last year, Yu received a National Science Foundation CAREER Award.

Huy Nguyen (Assistant Professor). Huy received a Ph.D. from the University of Paris-Sud 11 (with Nicolas Burg, 2016). Then, he was a postdoc in Princeton and a Tamarkin Assistant Professor at Brown. Huy works in the area of analysis, somewhere between pure analysis, harmonic analysis, and PDEs.  Huy made substantial contributions to many problems including the proof of modulation instability of Stokes waves, optimal Strichartz estimate for water waves, and the global well-posedness for the one-phase Muskat problem (a free boundary problem in a porous medium that describes two flows separated by a free boundary).

Christian Rosendal (Professor). Christian received a Ph.D. from the University of Paris 6 under the direction of Alain Louveau. He then worked at CalTech, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and more recently at the University of Illinois at Chicago. In the past two years, he has been working as a program director at the National Science Foundation. Christian works in the area of mathematical logic. His research belongs to four interconnected topics: rigidity of Polish groups, geometry of topological groups, descriptive set theory, and the geometry of Banach spaces. In 2020, he was named Fellow of the AMS.

Novikov Postdocs:

James Hanson. A student of Uri Andrews at Wisconsin. James works in continuous logic and applications of logic to topology and analysis. He also has a background in theoretical physics. His mentor is Chris Laskowski.

Xiaoqi Huang. A student of Chris Sogge at Johns Hopkins. Xiaoqi works in harmonic and geometric analysis and partial differential equations. His mentor is Manos Grillakis.

Hussain Ibdah. A student of Edriss Titi at Texas A&M. Hussain is interested in theoretically analyzing nonlinear, nonlocal PDEs, in particular, those of fluid mechanics and transport-diffusion systems. His mentor is Eitan Tadmor.

Rigoberto Zelada. A student of Vitaly Bergelson at Ohio State. Rigoberto works in ergodic theory. His mentor is Adam Kanigowski.

Lutian Zhao. A student of Sheldon Katz at Illinois. Lutian works in enumerative algerbraic geometry with applications to mathematical physics. His mentor is Amin Gholampour.

Memorial service honored Manjit Bhatia (1936-2020) and the free tutoring program he launched for math students at UMD.

On November 13, 2021, the Bhatia family hosted a memorial service in the James A. Yorke Rotunda of Kirwan Hall at the University of Maryland to celebrate the life and work of Adjunct Professor of Mathematics Manjit Bhatia, who passed away last year at the age of 84. More than a decade ago, Manjit helped launch the department’s advanced mathematics tutoring program. Now known as the Help Sessions program, it helped countless math students take on the biggest challenges in their studies and achieve academic success. 

“Bhatia was a very caring person who loved to help people,” said Mathematics Professor Lawrence Washington. “For several years, he volunteered his time to help students in gateway upper-level courses. Quite often, one-on-one help can remove roadblocks and clear up misconceptions and the students loved his help.”

“A born teacher”

Anyone who met Manjit quickly realized one thing: he was crazy about math. And no matter where he was, whether on campus, at home or just about anywhere else, Manjit never stopped teaching.

“He was passionate about math and he was passionate about learning. We would go on trips and he would start talking to taxi drivers and then advising them, talking about mathematics,” explained Kiran Bhatia, his wife of 53 years. “I would say to him sometimes, ‘Let us just be on vacation now,’ but he was just a born teacher. He would give all of his attention to trying to educate himself or the people around him.”

Born in New Delhi, India, Manjit earned Ph.D.s in computer science and physics, but he especially appreciated the challenges of mathematics. And though he spent years as a computer science professor at Bowie State University, Manjit was also committed to helping young people learn math, especially his son Pravir Bhatia (B.S. ’93, mathematics; B.S. ’93, physics), whose education started early—very early.

“We spent at least an hour a day from when I was 2 years old till high school,” Pravir recalled. “My father gave me all the tools to succeed in mathematics and I was doing calculus by ninth grade. He wouldn’t let you get away without knowing stuff.”

Pravir, who now runs part of a quantitative trading strategy for one of the world’s top hedge funds at D.E. Shaw Group, understood even that that there was more to those nightly math sessions than just solving problems.

“I think the important thing was how much he loved it,” Pravir said. “I remember when I was doing it, I mean I wasn’t great at it, I was good, but just the smile on his face when I absorbed a concept kept me going. He was a crazy fun person to learn from.”

“Everybody’s teacher”

Manjit taught college students. He taught kids in the neighborhood. He even taught mathematics to relatives’ children when he went home to India for visits. Yet he never seemed to run out of passion or energy for the task.

“He was everybody’s teacher,” Pravir said. “I have friends who knew that when they came over and spent the night, they were going to get drilled on their math. Many years later, they would tell me how tough and intimidating those sessions were, but also how good they were from a learning perspective.”

By 2008, Manjit retired from Bowie State University, but he still wanted to teach. So, he came to College Park and offered his help. 

“My memory is that after he retired from Bowie, he contacted the department and offered to provide free tutoring,” Washington said. “The department gave him an office and he got started.”

Manjit was off and running—almost. Before he started one-on-one tutoring with students, he wanted to make sure he was prepared.

“He would actually go attend classes so he could help students taking those courses,” Kiran explained.

That’s how Manjit met Mathematics Professor Denny Gulick.

“Before he would tutor, he audited my MATH410 class on advanced calculus, and that is where I got to know him,” Gulick explained. “He thought that having tutoring sessions available could help students taking that class—the most rigorous undergraduate math class—which all math majors must take and pass. He was anxious to help students and after he felt that he was prepared well enough, that is when he started the Help Sessions. Toward the end of his time at UMD, he took and fell in love with MATH406: Introduction to Number Theory. Then, he taught it a few times himself.”

Solving problems “at all hours”

Even when he was in his 70’s and 80’s, Manjit never missed a chance to help solve a problem. 

“He got emails all the time from students trying to solve problems,” Kiran explained. “Sometimes they came at 1 o’clock or 2 o’clock in the morning and he would start working on them at 4 a.m. By 2019, when you could find answers on the internet, there were still people emailing him at all hours asking him to help them solve problems, and he did. He was the person who got up at 5 in the morning to do problem sets till he was 83 years old.”

Manjit’s passion for mathematics and teaching touched many lives, on campus and beyond—more than even his wife realized.

“One of our friends’ kids—he’s grown now—came to my husband’s funeral service and he said to me, ‘Oh, he taught me so much,’” Kiran recalled. “And I said, ‘When? You never took a class from him.’ And he said, ‘No, but when he came to our house, he would always come to see me and give me something to do like a math puzzle or a mathematics problem to solve.’ I didn’t even know that. He would just engage people wherever he went.”

A gift for the future

In 2015, a few years before Manjit passed away, he and his wife created the Help Sessions Endowed Fund, making a gift to the Department of Mathematics to help keep his free tutoring program alive. 

“We discussed it, and he said if something happened to him, he wanted the program to continue,” Kiran said.

Pravir hopes his father’s passion for mathematics and his commitment to helping students succeed will be remembered for years to come. And with continued support for the Help Sessions Endowed Fund, Pravir believes the free tutoring work that was so important to his dad will keep making a difference.

“I’ve put money in, my friends and my company put money in, too, and I hope others will as well,” Pravir said, “because that’s all my father ever wanted, to keep this going.” 

He wanted to provide help and support for any mathematics student who needs it—now and for years to come.

“Despite wearing a turban, my father was never much into ritual or gatherings—so in a way hosting an event for him with friends, family and colleagues is a bit ironic,” Pravir reflected. “It never would have occurred under his watch. Maybe, when my father is looking down from far above, he’ll be happy that people got together and did this in the Math rotunda—his true temple.”

Written by Leslie Miller

Award established thanks to the generous support of Distinguished University Professor Emeritus Ivo Babuška and his wife Renata.

The Ivo and Renata Babuška Endowed Student Award for Graduate Research in Mathematics was recently established at the University of Maryland thanks to the generous support of Distinguished University Professor Emeritus Ivo Babuška and his late wife Renata. The merit-based award recognizes outstanding Ph.D. student dissertations in the field of computational mathematics in the Department of Mathematics.

Babuška was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1926. He and Renata and their two young children immigrated to the United States in 1968. Babuška was a professor in UMD’s Department of Mathematics and Institute for Physical Science and Technology from 1968 until his retirement in 1994. He and Renata then moved to Austin, Texas. After Renata passed away in 2020, Babuška moved near his son's family in Albuquerque, New Mexico. 

UMD played an important role in Babuška's successful career. With his colleagues, especially Professors Bruce Kellogg, John Osborn and Bert Hubbard, Babuška established the foundations of his scientific contributions in the field of computational mathematics, specifically numerical methods for solving partial differential equations. The proofs of the Babuška-Lax-Milgram Theorem and the inf-sup theorem, which became known as the Babuška-Brezzi condition, were two of his contributions while at UMD. These theorems became the foundation of the convergence of the finite element method of solving the partial differential equations. During his career, Babuška published more than 350 papers, books and book chapters. His work has been cited more than 65,000 times. He also received numerous honors and awards. 

In 1970, Babuška founded the Finite Element Circus and served as the "ringmaster" while he was at UMD. The Circus is an annual, informal regional meeting held at different East Coast universities. The meeting allows researchers to share new results and works in progress related to finite elements. An innovative aspect of the Circus is that presentations are scheduled at random to encourage discussions among young and established researchers. The 50th Circus was held virtually in 2020. 

The Ivo and Renata Babuška Endowed Student Award for Graduate Research in Mathematics was created to encourage the next generation of engineers and scientists in computational mathematics at UMD. The inaugural Babuška Award winner will be announced this month. 

Sophomore math major Marie Brodsky finds a different way to teach children math.

Marie Brodsky found her passion for mathematics by going in circles—math circles. Originating in Eastern Europe, math circles spread to the United States in the 1990s, where they found Brodsky in 2006. From the age of 4, Brodsky participated in these extracurricular math learning experiences and her love for problem-solving grew from there. 

By the time Brodsky was 11 years old, she was leading a math circle of her own—teaching younger children foundational math and problem-solving skills through something she calls “recreational math.”

“I still can’t believe that all these parents allowed this little girl with pigtails and polka-dot clothing to teach their kids,” the sophomore math major at the University of Maryland recalled with a laugh. “But I think they recognized that their kids would have a lot more fun learning from someone just slightly older than them rather than a serious adult.”

Brodsky came to UMD as a Banneker/Key Scholar in the Honors College’s Advanced Cybersecurity Experience for Students (ACES) program—and she was looking for an opportunity to continue teaching when she found the Student Initiated Courses (STICs) program. 

STICs help students design, develop and teach their own courses under the guidance of faculty advisors. This year, Brodsky is the executive director of the program, and this fall she taught MATH299Y: Teaching Math to a Young Audience. The course curriculum is inspired by Brodsky’s experience tutoring through her platform Conversations in Math during the pandemic, when she taught math virtually to dozens of children around the world. 

“I took a lot of notes on what worked well and how to explain certain resources I’d found on all those topics,” Brodsky said. “To put together the curriculum for MATH299Y, I went through my lesson notes, picked out the topics I thought were most interesting and put them in logical order for the semester.”

MATH299Y makes connections between seemingly disparate mathematical concepts and introduces topics typically not covered in elementary school curricula—helping college students take advanced topics and simplify them to understand their core ideas. Brodsky anticipates that students will come away with a stronger foundation in math and greater confidence in their abilities to break down these concepts for a young audience.

“I want my students to feel why math can be exciting,” Brodsky said. “Then, when they go on to teach, they remember that these connections between concepts are exciting and see how they can frame them in a more interesting way.”

In each class, Brodsky diagrams problems on the blackboard and guides her students to solutions. She poses math problems geared toward children ages 4, 8 and 12 and asks her students how they would break them down for younger audiences. Brodsky frequently asks, “But why?” to help the students dig deeper into these core mathematical concepts.

For example—a frog is jumping back and forth over a stream. It jumped 101 times. Which side did it end up on? 

“It’s not obvious. What’s your first reaction?” Brodsky said to her class. “In the end, it’s equivalent to having done one jump. If you are teaching 4-year-olds, I would totally act this out by having students jump back and forth in the classroom.”

“I think Marie has done an excellent job understanding what skill sets the various age groups have and how her examples apply or don't apply to those various age groups,” said Mathematics Principal Lecturer Justin Wyss-Gallifent, Brodsky’s faculty advisor for MATH299Y. “In teaching, knowing how to structure the material is probably more than half the battle. In Marie’s case, she is not just teaching problems but also understanding how those age groups would approach the problems.”

Wyss-Gallifent explained that learning to break down problems for others and developing public speaking skills are just some of the benefits of teaching a STIC. Additionally, undergraduate students connect with content differently when another undergrad is teaching the course.

“It’s definitely different having an undergrad student in a professor role. Marie really knows what she’s doing,” said Shiraz Robinson, a plant biology major and one of Brodsky’s students. “This class has given me a different way to look at numbers and it’s helping me understand math better. You can scale these ideas to very deep ideas that require all your computational power.”

In her role as executive director of the STICs program, Brodsky wants to give the students teaching STICs creative license to teach the topics they’re passionate about while also holding them accountable as teachers.

“We’re planning to do workshops where the facilitators give each other feedback on their course planning, content, syllabus, maybe teach a little bit to each other and get feedback,” Brodsky said. “Most people who are teaching a STIC are really committed to this idea of students teaching courses, so we want to support them and give them even more resources to become even better teachers.”

When it comes to her future career plans, Brodsky is still figuring that out. For now, she’s interested in learning more about education policy and curriculum development. One thing she’s certain of: She wants to make education better.

“I want to help improve the education system,” Brodsky said, “and revamp how teachers get incentivized to teach in better ways, how they decide the material and curriculum, and how to make the experience better on a larger scale.”

Written by Katie Bemb

Musician Sheyda Peyman to release her debut album while conducting research for her doctoral dissertation.

Scales, intervals, patterns, symbols—to Sheyda Peyman, all music is math. Though to some it may seem an unlikely connection, Peyman, a Ph.D. candidate in the Applied Mathematics & Statistics, and Scientific Computation program at the University of Maryland, says the link between mathematics and music is undeniable. 

“The arts and sciences all describe the same reality from different perspectives,” Peyman explained. “I’m attracted to the beauty of math and music in a truly philosophical way.”

Peyman, a vocalist, guitarist and pianist who goes by Sheyda Do’a on stage, will release her debut album in 2022. She was inspired to work on the album while an artist in residence at Strathmore, where she forged connections in the D.C. music scene.

“My music has influences from jazz and Latin music, as well as my Albanian culture,” said Peyman, who was raised in Albania. “When I’m writing my music, I don’t really have a formal process—I just get inspired in the moment, the music comes to me and I play it.”

Peyman has learned from experience that her music isn’t quite as meaningful without math in her life. After completing her bachelor’s degree in mathematics at the University of Edinburgh in 2016, Peyman attended Berklee College of Music. She spent a semester studying only music and quickly realized that she missed math—so she quit the program. 

  When she moved to the D.C. area in 2018, Peyman decided it was time to resume her math studies. The University of Maryland Department of Mathematics offered exactly what she was looking for. 

“I’m so happy with where I’m at in my career, in both my music and in my studies at UMD,” Peyman said. “I’ve realized I need both math and music in my life.”

In her first few years at UMD, Peyman took graduate-level courses while also teaching undergraduates—earning the 2020 A. Kadir Aziz-John Osborn Graduate Student Award for her teaching skills. Now, with her qualifying exams behind her, Peyman’s research is ramping up. Her focus is network theory, which Peyman notes is a “hot topic” nowadays. 

“Simply put, a network can be thought of as a set of objects and the interactions between them. The objects can be anything from people to proteins to neurons, and the interactions can be anything from emails sent to connections on social media to synapses between neurons,” Peyman explained. “Though I started at UMD doing a lot of abstract algebra, I found myself leaning more and more toward this kind of applied math. The possibilities are fascinating to me.”

Peyman is preparing to submit a paper on adversarial data contamination, which happens when data is either maliciously or accidentally altered. Consider, for example, a Facebook network of 156 vertices representing 156 people—if two of them are friends on Facebook, then there is an edge connecting the two corresponding vertices. If an adversary hacks one of the 156 accounts in the network and deletes that account’s friendships, how can that information be recovered?

“This adversary could, for example, delete a number of edges from the graph,” Peyman said. “If we have a second network that is related, we can use this information to retrieve at least part of the original network, implementing regularization techniques to help mitigate the effect of an adversary.”  

In a paper written with her advisor, Mathematics Associate Professor Vince Lyzinski, Peyman proposes that network trimming should be simulated to make networks faster, smaller and more efficient—without risking network function or data loss.

With her paper wrapping up, Peyman is embarking on a new project with Lyzinski: programming an algorithm to optimize recommendations based on user inputs.

“Let’s say you’re watching Netflix. On Netflix, you can ‘like’ something you watched, and then the computer algorithm sends you recommendations based on that. Sometimes those recommendations might be wrong because the algorithm is not perfect,” Peyman explained. “We’re trying to see how we can use the information that the user inputs to give a better recommendation.”

Now in the initial exploratory phase of this new project, Peyman spends most of her time reading relevant papers and preparing to write code to apply and test her theories. 

When she’s not deep in her doctoral studies, Peyman performs around the metro D.C. area and prepares for her upcoming album release. Longer term, she plans to continue pursuing her career in music while also working in applied math and programming.

“Similar to how music inspires and moves me, it’s very empowering to see a math problem, try to solve it, and then actually apply it myself to see if the results work,” Peyman said. “I’m really getting to appreciate and pursue these two passions of mine, which is why I love where I’m at right now.”

Written by Katie Bemb